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November 30, 2005
a lesson on goals and objectives
I've read two strategic plans today. One from the White House regarding Iraq and one from Nicholas Kristof regarding Darfur. Both attempt to enumerate goals and objectives for their respective conflicts, but only one seems to be able to decipher between the two.
As a planner, I've been taught that the distincion between goals and objectives is imperitive in being able to evaluate any plan. The easiest way to distinguish between a goal and an objective is to understand that a goal is the end and an objective is how you're going to reach that goal. Often times, the goal is fairly intangible, therefore in order to evaluate the progress towards reaching the goal, measurable objectives need to be laid out. Here is an example:
Goal: To speak French fluently
Objective: Take two college French courses
Objective: Work with a language tutor once a week
While it is difficult to come to a point where I can say I speak French fluently, I can clearly tell you when I've finished coursework and whether or not I meet with a tutor.
As I perused the strategic plan laid out for Iraq, it seemed like 38 pages of goals with no measurable objectives. The plan is summarized into "The Eight Pillars", which are said to be eight objectives to obtain the goal of victory in Iraq. For example:
1 - Defeat the terrorists and neutralize the insurgency.
2 - The Government of Iraq provides for the internal security of Iraq, monitors
and controls its borders, successfully defends against terrorists and other security threats.
3 - Iraq evolves into a free, federal, democratic, pluralist, and unified state
representative of all Iraqi citizens.
As learned earlier, one recognizes that these are not in fact objectives, rather they are goals. To be clear, the reason they are not objectives is because there is no clear way of measuring when they have been achieved. How do we conclude when the Iraqi government successfully defends against terrorists? How do we conclude when Iraq is a "free, federal, democratic, pluralist and unified state"?
In contrast, I read Kristof's plan for US engagement in stopping the genocide in Darfur. This plan has a clear goal with measurable objectives. Kristof lays out the following:
Goal: Help end the genocide in Darfur
Objective: Pay $50 million for African Peacekeepers
Objective: Impose a no fly zone
Objective: Pass the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act
Objective: Get a Darfur lawn sign for the White House
Objective: Appoint a special envoy to negotiate with tribal sheiks
So why am I harping on this distinction? Because when you have objectives that are in fact goals, there is no way to evaluate the progress of the plan or hold the implementers accountable. While the Iraq document gives progress indicators, there were no set objectives to measure those indicators by. For example, the report says that 116,000 Iraqi troops were trained in the last year. But given the constraints and resources of the US military training operations, is this a high number? a low number? Without clearly laid out objectives that have examined the resources and constraints to carry out these objectives, there is no measurement for evaluation. Perhaps given the resources and constraints, the objective would have said 500,000 troops and when that objective is not met, there would be investigation of why and improve efficiency and understanding.
Conversely, someone who implements Kristof's plan would be evaluated by the achievement of the five objectives in hopes of reaching the goal. It is clear on what is expected.
I'm not asking for a detailed timeline with no room for incremental change. I'm asking for measureable objectives to aid us in evaluating how far we've come in reaching our goals in Iraq and holding the implementers (both in the White House and in the field) accountable for their actions.
in the world | By charity | 05:32 PM
Comments
charity - captivating thoughts. i appreciated your clarification on goals vs. objectives - if only others would think through things as well...the world would be a lot less confusing.
Posted by: sarah at November 30, 2005 06:32 PM
charity - captivating thoughts. i appreciated your clarification on goals vs. objectives - if only others would think through things as well...the world would be a lot less confusing.
Posted by: sarah at November 30, 2005 06:33 PM
Perhaps at the end of your commentary you've hit on why the politicians stick with goals and do not articulate objectives. Objectives allow the voters to hold them accountable, and what savy politician would allow himself/herself to be put in that position? Is that too cynical?
Posted by: Steve at November 30, 2005 07:22 PM
Sounds right to me. Why would you create a situation in which you are hostage to your own words instead of allowing wriggle room? This way you can't be held to account.
Posted by: Andy at December 1, 2005 08:19 AM
Sounds like no one at the white house has ever taken any management classes, or forgotten what they learned in them (or perhaps are just bad managers?): we learned this goals vs. objectives stuff this semester in my management of information agencies class...
Posted by: LN at December 1, 2005 08:24 AM
i had the same thoughts about not being held accountable but wondered (1) if Congress had the authority to force the President to give measurable objectives and withhold appropriations until it was done and (2) the President isn't looking for re-election, so is all of this to save the butt of the Republican party?
Posted by: charity at December 1, 2005 08:51 AM
Well-stated, Charity. Surely someone from the White House has created measurable objectives, right? From an education standpoint, I completely understand the necessity of measurable standards. Good teachers tell students exactly what is expected of them and then grade accordingly (rubrics are key). Seems like governments should run on the same principles.
Posted by: RT at December 1, 2005 02:51 PM
Am I the only dissenter? I apologize, but I am too passionate about this to let it pass.
Charity, I contend that our objectives are appropriate to match the goals that we have for our service in Iraq. We are in a situation in which the success is determined by varying factors. There ARE concrete objectives, but our President and his Generals/officers on the ground understand that success in these more tangible objectives does not define success overall. For example, the President could have listed specific objectives like the building of x number of new schools, the improvement and installation of x number of water treatment facilities, the securing of x number of oil pipelines, etc. He could also point to specific objectives such as the capture of Saddam, the election of a constitutional committee, the approval of a constitution, the election of a permanent government, etc. While each of these is important and demonstrative of the success that we are having in Iraq, none of these DEFINE success in terms of our ultimate goal. We are pledged to the people and government of Iraq. When they are ready for us to withdrawal, we will. When they are ready to govern themselves, we'll let them. When their security forces are trained, tested, and adequate; they won't need us. How can any of those goals be measured by objectives as you have described? After next week's elections your concerns of measured success will require the answer to a yes or no question: "Mr. President of Iraq and honorable members of this representative government, do you yet require the active duty service of the United States military?" As LONG AS the answer is "'yes, please", we'll stand with them. As soon as the answer is "no, thank you", we'll bid them "Adieu." That is the standard.
The President has made this clear. The President made this clear before we elected him the second time. He is OUR President (no matter your vote) and in a representative Republic (not a democracy) the President does not OWE us any explanation. He is the executor of the will of the people as defined by the House and the Senate. He has bent over backward to explain, with great detail, the importance, the success, the plan, the promise, and as much of the strategy (way, way too much in my opinion) as he believes reasonable. Our duty as citizens is not to demand an explanation (nor to expect one) whenever our troops are at war. Before the deployment and after the victory (unless the Democrats have their way) we will be able to evaluate the successes and failures, but during the battle; Americans don't squabble, Americans don't argue over associated policy decisions, Americans don't tell the enemy ANY of our plans. Instead, we salute the flag and the country that we love and we march to victory as ONE nation....
Posted by: Wally at December 8, 2005 12:59 PM
Wally, no need to apologize for being passionate. :)
A couple of thoughts I had... One, I don't think meeting all of one's objectives can necessarily define success, rather that they are indicators of progress and achievement.
Two, I don't think that being a representative government means that the President (or any other elected official) doesn't have a responsibility of informing their constituencies on what they're doing and why (especially when it comes to the lives of soldiers and their families). What a representative government does mean is that we don't vote every time a decision is made; we've given power to other people to make those decisions. The reason there are checks and balances in our system of government is so that each branch is held accountable for their actions, with one of those checks being the voters. How do voters make an informed decision, if they are not given any measurement as to how far we should be and how far we are and the reasons for the discrepencies (there may be very legitimate reasons for falling behind in objectives, I just want to know what they are)? You would not find a "no explanation needed" policy in any other institutional situation, whether it be a corporation, school, etc.
But part of your argument is that this is a special case, because we are at war. So, while there are measurable objectives given and presented for the No Child Left Behind program, we should not expect this for a war. I think there's some legitimacy to the argument that we don't want the enemy to know our plans. My response would be, I'm not asking for a battle plan, I'm asking for objectives in setting up things like infrastructure (water, electricity, roads), which are general knowledge. Also, it will be very difficult to come to a point to say "we have won the war" because though we have capturing their leader, we are still fighting insurgents. Thus to wait for critique and assessment by Americans until that period would seem irresponsible. This critique and assessment should be as informed as possible. But I would say that without any sort of measurable objectives to measure, it makes that assessment even more difficult.
Posted by: charity at December 10, 2005 09:47 AM
In response to the President's responsibility:
Originally, in the U.S., Presidents were not elected by the people (or the electoral college.) Presidents were to be appointed by the elected officials. This mindset (though the process is altered) remains. The President is responsible to the Congress and the Congress is responsible to the constituents. In the case of war in Iraq, Congress authorized our President to go to war (October 2002)...with no strings attached. He was not required to report back to the Congress when he made the decision to act. He was not asked to outline any objectives, plans, or timelines. He was given complete executive authority on one, and only one condition: Saddam's failure to comply with the most recent resolution of the UN security counsel. If anyone should be called out, it is the Congress. (Personally, I am very pleased with the original authorization and the more recent rejection of a legislative call for a timeline.) If there is blame to be placed for lack of clarity or irresponsibility in the dissemination of information, Congress bears that blame. They could have issued the wartime authorization with a specific duration. They could have allowed initial action, with a required follow-up/report process by the President. Thankfully and rightly, no one even brought it up.
So, I do not have a "no explanation needed" approach to government, but I do hold believe that the President does not owe ME an explanation. If I need an explanation, I can make a phone call or send an e-mail...to Specter (even though he doesn't care what I think :-) or Santorum who represent me in the Senate. The President's explanations are due to Congress.
Posted by: Wally at December 22, 2005 01:34 PM
I think I posed the question at one point as to whether or not Congress had the authority to request those objectives or not. I think, in general, Congress isn't held accountable for their actions. It's really frustrating for me to hear they think the war is a mistake but don't tak responsibility for authorizing it.
Posted by: charity at December 22, 2005 01:36 PM